David Letterman get ready. 
           Alaska Governor Sarah Palin will soon be free to attend as many Yankee games as she likes.  Either that, or begin to make plans to seek the presidential nomination in 2012.
        Not only has the former Republican vice presidential nominee decided not to seek re-election as governor of Alaska, but has unexpectedly decided to step down as early as July 25th and turn the powers over to Lt. Gov. Sean Parnell. CNN carried the governor's press conference live 
        Palin says her reason for stepping down so early was due to her desire not to waste a government paycheck on a governor with lame duck status.
        Since Statehood, Alaska has had nine gubernatorial races, only one other candidate prior to Mrs Palin's stunning announcement today, resigned before their term was up. Walter Hickel, the second governor of Alaska, resigned as governor to take a cabinet position in the Nixon administration as Secretary of the Interior in 1969

Governor’s of Alaska since Statehood

1.) William Egan: 1959-December 5, 1964

2.) Walter Hickel: 1966-January 29, 1969. Resigned his position to become Secretary of the Interior under Richard Nixon
NOTE: Lt Governor Keith Miller assumed power through December 7, 1970

3.) William Egan: 1970-December 2, 1972

4.) Jay Hammond: 1974-1982

5.) Bill Sheffield: 1982-December 1, 1986

6.) Steve Cooper: December 1, 1986-December 3, 1990

7.) Walter Hickel: December 3, 1990-December, 1994

8.) Tony Knowles-1994-December 2, 2006

9.) Frank Murkowski: 2002-December 4, 2006

10) Sarah Palin: 2006-
NOTE: Gov Palin is expected to officially resign on July 25, 2009 at which time she turn the powers of the office over to Lt. Gov. Sean Parnell

Source: Alaska Almanac 31st Edition 2007

Websites to keep in mind:

Alaska elected representatives since Statehood ( From the University of Alaska Fairbanks).

Sarah Palin Biography

Lieutenant Governor Sean Parnell
 
Bill Lucey
WPLucey@gmail.com

         The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) will celebrate America’s 233rd birthday by naturalizing more than 6,000 citizens in approximately 50 special ceremonies across the United States and overseas
         Special ceremonies will also be held July 4th at Liberty Island, N.Y.for seven military service members; George Washington’s Home in Mt. Vernon, Va., for approximately 100 candidates; and the St. Louis Historical Old Courthouse, just west of the Gateway Arch, for approximately 60 candidates.
         Not all the ceremonies will fall on the holiday. On Wednesday, July 1st, for example, at the Sacramento Memorial Auditorium, ceremonies were held for approximately 800 candidates; and on July 3rd, approximately 1,000 candidates will be naturalized at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Fla.
         Last year on July 4th, 2,000 citizens were naturalized by USCIS.
         In order to qualify for naturalization, applicants must establish a five-year residency requirement and answer six of 10 questions correctly, dealing with the fundamental concepts of American democracy and the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Potential candidates are additionally administered an oral and written test.
         According to Marilu Cabrera, Regional Media Manager at the US Citizenship and Immigration Services, a record 1,046,539 citizens were naturalized in 2008, a 58 percent increase from 2007, when there were 660,477 citizens.
         What follows are some key moments in U.S. naturalization legislation and immigration reform, dating back to 1790.

• March 26, 1790: Congress passes the first naturalization law, which provides citizenship to any free, white, adult alien, (male or female) who resides within the jurisdiction of the United States for a period of two years.
Citizenship was granted to those aliens who were of ``sound moral character’’ and took an allegiance to the Constitution.
Those under 21 years of ago, automatically became citizens.

• In 1820, the U.S government begins to collect immigration statistics, which showed 151,000 new immigrants. That number jumped to 599,000 in the 1830's, 1, 713,000 in the 1840's, and 2, 314,000 in the 1850's

• Between 1815-160, there were approximately five million new immigrants in the United States, over half were from the British Isles (two million from Ireland), while Germany had a million and a half.

• The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers from entering the United States for a period of 10 years, making it the first act in American history to place broad restrictions on immigration.
NOTE: The Chinese exclusion acts weren't repealed until 1943.

• The Immigration Restriction League (IRL) is founded in 1894 by three by three Harvard College graduates, Charles Warren, Robert DeCourcy Ward, and Prescott Farnsworth Hall, who advocated literacy requirements as a way to limit immigration into the United States.

• June 29, 1906- The Bureau of Naturalization is established, which provides a standard rule of law for the naturalization of aliens.

• The Asiatic Barred Zone Act was passed on February 5, 1917, restricting immigration to any country not owned by the United States, adjacent to the continent of Asia, except for Japanese and Filipinos.
The Act additionally imposed a literacy test for any immigrant over the age of 16 to demonstrate basic reading comprehension in any language. The tax for entering the country was raised to $8 per person

• May 19, 1921: The U.S. Emergency Quota Immigration Act limited the annual amount of immigrants from any one country to three percent of the number of the persons from that country living in the United States.

• The Immigration Act of 1924 or the Johnson-Reed Act limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States through a national origins quota. It provided visas of up to two percent of the total population of each nationality living in the United States as of the 1890 census, while completely excluding immigrants from Asia.

• The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act (McCarran-Walter Act) listed 33 provisions which could potentially restrict aliens or migrants, including ``sexual perversion’’, those who held ``subversive ideas’’ and 250,000 ``political undesirables''
The Act tightened up the screening process for allowing immigrants into the country; it established a priority system in which those with highly technical skills and with relatives living in the U.S. were given higher priority. The previous quota of 154,000 was preserved, while the previous ban on Asians was removed

• The 1965 Hart-Celler Immigration Bill or Immigration Nationality Act eliminated the national origins quota system. Family reunification became an integral part of the Act; and increased the annual ceiling on immigrants from 150,000 to 290,000.

• Between 1901-1920, 86 percent of new immigrants into the United States came from Europe; six percent from Canada, four percent form Asia, and three percent from Latin America. Between 1980-1993, 43 percent of immigrants were from Latin America, 39 percent from Asia, and 13 percent from Europe

• The 1968 Bilingual Education Act, supplemented schools interested in teaching language skills to students with limited English proficiency

• On September 26, 1972, the American Museum of Immigration was opened by President Richard Nixon at the base of the Statue of Liberty

• In 1974, a U.S. Supreme Court case, Lau v. Nichols, authorized bilingual educational programs

• In 2008, the leading countries of  birth of new citizens were Mexico (231,815), India (65, 971), the Philippines ((58, 792),  and People’s Republic of China (40, 017)

• The average annual number of persons naturalized increased from less than 120,000 in the 1950’s and 1960’s to 210,000 in the 1980’s, 500,000  during the 1990’s and 680,000 for the for the 2000’s

• 2.7 million undocumented immigrants were legalized in the mid-1990’s under the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986

• In 2008, females accounted for 56 percent of new naturalizations

• Prior to the 1970’s,  the majority of naturalizations came from European countries.

• Asia was the leading region of origin of new citizens from 1976 to 2006 (except 1996-2000)

• It wasn’t until 2007, that naturalizations among North-American born immigrants exceeded those of Asian-born immigrants.

Websites to keep in mind (from US. Citizenship and Immigration Services)

Week of July 4th Naturalization Ceremonies

Naturalization Test Study Materials

Naturalizations in the United States: 2008:

Sources: U.S Citizen and Immigration Services, U.S. State Department, ``American Immigration’’ By Maldwyn Allen Jones, N.Y Times Archives

-Bill Lucey
WPLucey@gmail.com

        According to population estimates released today by the U.S. Census Bureau, New Orleans grew by 8.2 percent, faster than any other U.S. city with 311,853 residents, up from 210,768 in 2007, but still well below its pre-Katrina population, which stood at 484,674
        Texas continues to be fertile ground for population growth. Of the fastest growing cities, the Lone Star state had four in the top 10, including McKinney, approximately 30 miles north of Dallas, Killeen, north of Austin, Round Rock, 15 miles north of Austin, and Fort Worth.
        New York remains the most populous U.S, city with 8.4 million residents, adding 53, 498 residents since 2007; and is double the population of Los Angeles.

Top 10 Fastest Growing U.S. Cities with Populations over 100,000 in 2008

1.) New Orleans, Population 311,853, 8.2 percent increase or 23, 740 more residents

2.) Round Rock, Texas, Population: 104,446, a 8.2 percent increase or 7,877 more residents

3.) Cary, North Carolina, Population:  129, 545, a 6.9 percent increase or 8, 389 more residents

4.) Gilbert, Arizona, Population: 216,449, a 5.0 percent increase or 10, 283 more residents

5.) McKinney, Texas, Population: 121, 211, a 4.8 percent increase, or 5, 587 more residents

6.) Roseville, Ca. Population: 112,660, a 3.8 percent increase or 4, 183 more residents

7.) Irvine, Ca. Population: 207, 500, a 3.8 percent increase or 7, 658 more residents

8.) Raleigh, North Carolina Population: 392, 552, a 3.8 percent increase or 14, 368 more residents

9.) Killeen, Texas: Population:  116, 934, a 3.8 percent increase or 4, 232 more residents

10.) Fort Worth, Texas: Population: 703,073, a 3.6 percent increase or 24, 413 more residents

***

Top 10 Population Estimates for U.S. Cities with the Largest Numerical Increase from July 1, 2007, to July 1, 2008

1.) New York City: 8, 363, 710, a 0.6 percent increase or 53, 498 more residents

2.) Phoenix: Population: 1, 567, 924, a 2.2 percent increase or 33, 184 more residents

3.) Houston: Population: 2,242,193, a 1.5 percent increase or 33,063 more residents.

4.) Los Angeles; Population: 3,833,995, 0.7 percent increase or 29, 969 more residents.

5.) San Antonio: Population: 1, 351, 305, a 1.9 percent increase or 25, 645 more residents

6.) Fort Worth: Population: 703, 073, a 3.6 percent increase or 24, 413 more residents.

7.) New Orleans: Population: 311,853, a 8.2 increase or 32, 740 more residents

8.) Chicago: Population: 2, 853, 114, a 0.7 percent increase or 20, 606 more residents

9.) Austin: Population: 757, 688, a 2.5 percent increase or 18, 461 more residents

10.) San Diego: Population: 1, 279, 329, a 1.5 percent increase or 18, 424 more residents

-Bill Lucey
WPLucey@gmail.com

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

            By now, most have read the emails published by The State, which details South Carolina Governor’s Mark Sanford’s ongoing correspondence with a woman only identified by the newspaper as ``Maria’’ from Buenos Aires, Argentina, who by the governor’s own admission he was having an adulterous affair with.
        Many of the emails are steeped in passion, mushy prose, and at times, wildly expressive; such as in one email, when writes of her ``tan lines and the curve of her hips.’’
        One can only imagine, then, if some future emails were put to lyrics in Tango songs, a musical genre which has become associated with Buenos Aires dating back to the end of the 19th century, when it was first introduced in the city's poorest districts.
        The Tango in earliest stages was thought to inflame scandalous and immoral behavior to such an extent that it was condemned by the church and prohibited by local authorities. After lyrics were introduced to the Tango in 1917 by Carlos Gardel; songs by the 1930’s became more connected with the fabric of social life, dealing with such themes as anxieties and frustrations; by the 1940’s lyrics became more personal and emotional
        Assuming Gov Sanford’s relationship with the Argentine woman was more than a one-night stand, but was rather a genuine love affair despite its adulterous implications and naturally shunned by society, and a huge disappointment to his devoted supporters; what follows are some famous Tango lyrics that the governor might be writing in the coming weeks and months in emails to his forbidden lover in lamenting their flames of passion.

Forbidden 
Music by: Manuel Sucher
Lyrics by: Carlos Bahr

No es culpa si la vida en su designio
cruzó nuestros caminos al andar.
Ni es culpa si este amor que está prohibido
ha entrado en nuestras almas sin llamar.
Debemos doblegarnos y sufrir los dos
por esta amarga y más que cruel separación.
Mas nunca el corazón podrá, aunque queriendo,
renunciar al derecho de este amor.

It is not mistake if life in its plan
crossed our paths. Nor it is mistake
if this love, that is prohibited
has entered our souls without knocking.
We must both fold and suffer
by this bitter and cruel separation...
But never will the heart be able to, although wanting,
resign to the right of this love.

***
Abandonment (1937)
Music by: Pedro Maffia
Lyrics by Homero Manzi

Ya no sueño que retornarás
al fracaso de mi vida
ni tampoco que en tu palpitar
tendría un afán para andar.
Sólo quiero que si estás también
en la cruz del abandono,
sepas olvidarme en tu perdón...
Total, mirá lo que soy.

Now I don't dream that you will return
to the failure of my life,
nor that in your heart beat,
I would have the urge to go.
I only wish that if you are also
on the cross of abandonment,
You'll know how to forget me in your mercy...
So, look at what I am.

**
Abandoned (1927)
Music by: Pedro Maffia and Pedro Laurenz

Cuantas noches voy vagando, angustiado, silencioso,
recordando mi pasado con mi amiga la ilusion;
voy en curda, no lo niego, que sera muy vergonzoso,
pero llevo más en curda a mi pobre corazón.

How many nights I'm wandering, anguished, silent,
remembering my past with my friend the illusion;
that I'm drunk, I don't deny it, that will be very shameful,
but I carry more inebriated my poor heart.

***
Ballad for a crazy (1969) 
Music by: Astor Piazzolla 
Lyrics by: Horacio Ferrer

Yo se que estoy piantao, piantao, piantao...
Yo miro a Buenos Aires del nido de un gorrion;
y a vos te vi tan triste... Veni! Vola! Senti!...
el loco berretin que tengo para vos:

I know I'm crazy, I'm crazy, I'm crazy...
I see Buenos Aires from a sparrow's nest;
and I saw you so sad... Come! Fly! Feel!...
the crazy desire I have for you

***
Let's have a talk (1941)
 Music by: Luis Rubinstein
 Lyrics by: Luis Rubinstein

Charlando soy feliz...
La vida es breve
Soñemos en la gris
tarde que llueve...
Hablemos de un amor...
Seremos ella y el
y con su voz
mi angustia cruel
sera mas leve...
Charlemos, nada mas.
Soy el cautivo
de un sueño tan fugaz
que ni lo vivo.
Charlemos, nada mas,
que aqui en mi corazon,
oyendola siento latir
otra emocion...

Chatting makes me happy...
Life is brief...
Let's dream in the gray
rainy afternoon...
Let's talk about a love affair...
We'll be her and him
and with your voice
my cruel anguish
will be trivial.
Let's talk, nothing else.
I am captive
of a dream so brief
that I can't even live it.
Let's talk, nothing else,
for here, in my heart,
hearing you I feel beating
another emotion...

***
Crystal (1944)
Lyrics by: Jose Maria Contursi
Music by: Mariano Mores

Todo para mi se ha terminado.
Todo para mi se torna olvido.
Trágica enseñanza me dejaron
esas horas negras que he vivido.
Cuántos... cuántos años han pasado,
grises mis cabellos y mi vida,
solo, siempre solo y olvidado,
¡con mi espíritu amarrado a nuestra juventud!

Everything has finished for me,
everything for me transforms into oblivion.
Tragic experiences have left for me
those black hours that I have lived!
How many, how many years have passed,
grey are my hair and my life!
Lonely, always lonely and forgotten.
With my spirit clinging to our youth….

****
Downhill (1934)
Lyrics by: Alfredo Lepera
Music by: Carlos Gardel

Si cruce por los caminos
como un paria que el destino
se empeño en deshacer;
si fui flojo, si fui ciego,
solo quiero que comprendan
el valor que representa
el coraje de querer.

If I roamed the roads
as a pariah that fate
persisted in undoing;
if I was weak, if I was blind,
I just want them to understand
the value that represents
the courage to love.

***
The Buenos Aires song (1932) 
Music by: Azucena Maizani y Oreste Cúfaro
Lyrics by: Manuel Romero

Canción maleva, canción de Buenos Aires, 
hay algo en tus entrañas que vive y que perdura. 
Canción maleva, lamento de amargura, 
sonrisa de esperanza, sollozo de pasión. 
Ese es el tango canción de Buenos Aires, 
nacido en el suburbio que hoy reina en todo el mundo. 
Este es el tango que llevo muy profundo 
clavado en lo más hondo del criollo corazón. 

Mischievous song, song of Buenos Aires, 
there's something in your essence that lives and endures. 
Mischievous song, moan of bitterness, 
smile of hope, sob of passion. 
That is the tango song of Buenos Aires, 
born in the slum, today it rules all 
the world. 
This is the tango that I carry so deep, 
buried in the depth of the Creole heart. 

-Bill Lucey
WPLucey@gmail.com

 

Michael Jackson Update       

                The autopsy report on Michael Jackson released by L.A. County Corner’s office says the cause of death has been ``deferred’’ pending the results of the toxicology tests, which will take to 4-to-6 weeks to complete.

****

     TMZ has just posted the audio of the 911 call yesterday from Michael Jackson's house in Holmby Hills, Ca at 12: 21 p.m.

***

        The Texas Medical Board's profile of Michael Jackson’s physician, Dr Conrad Robert Murray, who was reportedly living with the pop star at his rented mansion, shows him with an active license, no disciplinary action, no malpractice citations, and no prior criminal history.
 
****

     The comparisons over whether Michael Jackson eclipsed the iconic stature of Elvis Presley will undoubtedly begin soon.   
        Michael was the King of Pop, Elvis, the King of Rock ‘n’Roll; both died from what appears to be a cardiac arrest; both were loners; Elvis had the Graceland Mansion, Michael had the Neverland Ranch; Elvis danced with the gyrating hips, Michael had the Moon Walk; and both had connections with Lisa Marie

***

    Did CNN fall asleep at the switch once again?
    First, they got caught off-guard with the storm over the Iranian presidential election on June 12th
    Today; the most trusted name in news took what seemed like an eternity to confirm whether the pop icon was indeed dead.
    While trying to confirm the breaking story independently, CNN took much longer to report on an L.A. Times confirmation than other networks. MSNBC reported the L.A Times story at least 10-15 minutes before CNN. 
        It's fine to be cautious, but the fact the Times posted the story of his death on their Website should have been reason enough for CNN to at least make mention of it.

    -Bill Lucey
    WPLucey@gmail.com

                 ABC announced today during next year's telecast of the Academy Awards on March 7, 2010, for the first time since 1943, the Academy will nominate 10 motion pictures instead of the traditional five.
              “Having 10 Best Picture nominees is going allow Academy voters to recognize and include some of the fantastic movies that often show up in the other Oscar categories but have been squeezed out of the race for the top prize,” Academy Motion Picture Arts and Sciences President Sid Ganis announced today at a press conference in Beverly Hills.
             The last time 10 motion pictures were nominated came during the 16th Academy Awards, `when ``Casablanca’’ was named Best Picture.
             In 1935, there was a record 12 motion pictures nominated when ``Mutiny on the Bounty’’ came away with the Oscar
             The 82nd Academy Awards nominations will be announced on Tuesday, February 2nd, 2010.

         Other significant changes with the Oscar ceremonies include: 

• In the 3rd year of the Academy Awards (November 5, 1930), a new selection criterion for selecting nominees had been established: winners would now be chosen by the full members of the Academy, numbering over 400, instead of a handful of judges. This policy would continue until 1936.

• For the first time, during the 7th year of the Academy Awards (February 27, 1935), the Academy allowed for write-in candidates on the ballot. This was in response to the storm of protest that surrounded the Academy when Bette Davis (Of Human Bondage) and Myrna Lay (Thin Man) failed to earn a nomination.
Despite the option of a write-in, neither Davis nor Lay came away with an award.

• Song and Film Editing were introduced as new categories beginning with the 7th annual Academy Awards (February 27, 1935)

• Beginning with the 13th annual Academy Awards (February 27, 1941), the winners were not made known to anyone in advance, except a select few from the certified public accounting firm of Price Waterhouse & Co, until the envelopes were unsealed on the night of the awards. Thus, the Oscar tradition: ``The envelope please!'' came into being.

• On March 13, 1947, for the first time in the Academy's history, the general public was allowed to buy tickets and attend the awards ceremony, which was held at the Shrine Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles.

• During the 29th annual Academy Awards (February 6, 1957), Foreign Language films competed in a separate category of their own for the first time-- instead of it being presented to honorary recipients

• Make-up artists were recognized in a new category beginning with the 54th annual Academy Awards (March 29, 1982). The first film honored in that category was An American Werewolf in London.

-Bill Lucey
WPLucey@gmail.com

Source: ``70 Years of the Oscar: The Official History of the Academy Awards'' By Robert Osborne

        Under mounting pressure for not being vocal enough over what appears to be a fraudulent presidential election in Iran, and the violent repression of dissident voices, which has already resulted in a number of deaths, President Obama shot back on Tuesday with a stronger condemnation, saying he was ``appalled and outraged by the threats, beatings and imprisonments of the past few days.”
        While there is broad consensus about the outrage and suppression of enraged Iranian voters, there is much less agreement over what the United States can actually do about the situation except voice its pointed disapproval.
        If Obama, for example, aligns himself too closely with the demonstrators and should Mahmoud Ahmadinejad remain president, the chances of ``engaging’’ Iran about curtailing their nuclear program might linger without any concrete talks for years to come.
        Whatever the outcome of the Iranian election, the chorus of rebellion in Iran seems to be tilting the country toward a counter-revolution, a historic development not seen since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
        Here, then, are some highlights of Iran’s transition to a theocratic republic, with the population displaying sporadic protests for greater democracy over the last 30 years.

• On September 17, 1941, Muhammad Reza Shah was sworn in as the new Shah of Iran, becoming the second king of the Pahlavi Dynasty.

• In 1934, Tehran University is established, with programs in arts, science, medicine, law, and engineering, making it the oldest and largest university in Iran. In 1937, the university opened its doors to women.

• A new book, ``Kashf al-Asrar'' (Unveiling of the Secrets) written by Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini, a religious leader and politician is published in 1942, a publication which refutes the growing advocacy of secularism in Iran.

• In 1958, the monarchy creates a two-party system, although in name only. During the same year, the Shah establishes SAVAK, the secret police charged with smothering political dissent, particularly trade unions and the intelligentsia.  The department soon became known as the ``Iron fist of the Shah’’.

• January 21, 1962:  Government troops brutally attack students at Tehran University holding demonstrations against the policies of the Shah.

• In 1963, the Shah instituted the ``Revolution of the People and the Shah’’, more commonly referred to as the ``White Revolution’’, so called because it would introduce massive change within Iran without bloodshed. The White Revolution introduced secularization including programs of social, political and economic democracy. The Shah’s reforms earned the endorsement of President Kennedy. Ultimately, however, the revolution did little in moving toward political democracy; and in fact resulted in major social disruptions.

• MOJAHEDIN-I KHALQ-I IRAN (IRANIAN PEOPLES' FREEDOM FIGHTERS) is founded in 1965  under the guidance of six Tehran University graduates who were members of the Liberation Movement of Iran, a dissident group promoting armed struggle against the Shah and western imperialism.

• In 1967, the Family Protection Laws are passed, granting  women greater rights in marriage

• The Resurrection Party (Hezb-e Rastakhiz) is established in 1975, making membership mandatory for all Iranians, while the official majority party Novin and the minority party, Hezb-i Mardom are abolished.

• In 1976, 100,000 gather in the city of Isfahan for the funeral of Ayatollah Abolhassan Shamsabadi, a high-ranking Islamic cleric, rumored to have been murdered by the Shah’s secret police for being critical of the government.  Many observers point to this incident as the time when Islam begins to gather force.

• May 1977: Antigovernment protests are reported in Tehran, while two seminarians are killed in Qom

• In the fall of 1977, 50 Iranians sign an open letter to the Shah asking for a more open political system and the freeing of political prisoners. Their plea is ignored.

• September, 1977: Tehran is put under martial law. Hundreds of demonstrators are killed in Zhaleh Square in what became known as "Black Friday"

• December 1977: While anti-Shah demonstrations engulf Iran, U.S. Marines are sent in use tear gas to disperse crowds gathered near the U.S. Embassy

• January, 1979: A million jubilant Iranians demonstrate in Tehran, calling for the formation of an Islamic republic and the return of Khomeini.

• January 16, 1979: Unable to stand up to insurmountable opposition, the Shah flees Iran

• March, 1979: Women begin to protest new veiling codes imposed by the clergy.

• April, 1979: The Islamic Republic is established

• November 4, 1979: Militants seize the American embassy in Tehran and hold 52 American diplomats hostage there for 444 days.  The hostages wouldn’t be released until Ronald Reagan’s inauguration, January 20, 1981.

• The Islamic Republic proclaimed there would be an elected Parliament, the Majle; the popular election of a president, who would appoint a Prime Minister and cabinet to be approved by Majles. In addition, the Republic established a Council of Guardians-comprised of 12 appointees, six religious scholars and six lawyers charged with the power to certify candidates for election, interpret the constitution and veto any legislation by the Majles deemed not in concert with the principles of Islam. The distinction between religious and secular life was formally abolished.

• January 25, 1980: The first Iranian president, Abu al-Hassan Bani-Sadr, is inaugurated. He’s dismissed and exiled by Khomeini in June 1981.

• October, 1981: The Ayatollah Ali Khomeini is elected the third president of the Islamic Republic

• Amnesty International estimates 1,000 people were executed in Iran in the first 18 months of the Islamic Revolution.

• March, 1986: Khomeini allows women to participate in public life and the military

• December, 1988: The government approves the establishment of a limited number of political parties

• Khomeini dies on June 3, 1989

• October, 1989: The Majlis rules that all future Majlis candidates must hold a bachelor's degree or be theological school graduate.

• November, 1989: Over 15,000 Iranians chanting ''Death to America!'' and a mob of students burning an American flag, participate in demonstrations marking the tenth anniversary of the takeover of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran

• April, 1990: During an antigovernment demonstration in Tehran, one person is killed and 65 others arrested.

•  June, 1990: The government bans Iran's Liberation Movement and arrests eight dissidents.

• October, 1990: Khamenei is accused of manipulating election results involving radical candidates

• January, 1991: Iranian university students strike for improved education, the release of detained students, and the closure of campus Islamic societies.

• September, 1991: Widespread demonstrations and strikes break out in protest over low wages and oppressive working conditions.

• May 30, 1992: Thousands of Iranians participate in protests over land disputes in Meshed, setting fires to cars and municipal buildings. By June, the government orders severe measures to restrain riots and demonstrations by announcing insurgents would be tried by the Islamic Revolutionary Court, a judicial body which typically imposes the death penalty.

• November, 1992: The government rules that men and women should ride separately on Tehran buses

• December, 1993: The United Nations denounces Iran for the executions of dissidents and the continuing threat on Salman Rushdie's life;

• April, 1994: To protect national and religious cultures, the government bans television satellite dishes and equipment

• February, 1995: The government shuts down the newspaper, Jahan-e Islam for ``creating doubts, printing untrue stories and insulting the religious beliefs of the Muslim nation."

• September, 1996: A University Professor, Abdolkarim Soroush, calls for a strengthening of democracy by creating greater separation between the mosque and the state. The New York Times reported the professor's stated beliefs alarmed government officials; and led to him being mugged on two separate occasions while lecturing.

• May, 1997: In a stunning landslide victory, Mohammed Khatami, who was forced out of the government five years earlier, and campaigned on a platform of tolerance and social reform is elected president of Iran,  a sign that many Iranians are beginning to resent their private and public restrictions imposed upon them by the Islamic government.

• July, 1999: Iranian students promoting greater democracy, cultural reforms, and upset with the slow pace of reforms promised to them by President Mohammad Khatami take to the streets in 18 cities and towns. The government was quick to quell the unrest. Security forces reportedly stormed university dorms, pummeling students while they slept; others were pushed from second the third floor windows. As many as five to eight students, according to some reports, had been killed.
NOTE: In August, 2000, parliament passed a bill that prohibited police from entering universities without permission.
• April, 2000: Clerical courts concerned that their Islamic values s were being undermined, closed down 19 newspapers and magazines.

• November, 2002: Iran's National Security Council, headed by Mohammad Khatami prohibits students from holding a rally to protest the death sentence given to pro-reform scholar Hashem Aghajari who had challenged the hard-lined clerics. The students used the harsh sentence as a pretext to demonstrate for freedom of speech and other political reforms.

• February, 2004: The Iran Participation Front, Iran's leading reform party, announced they would not participate in the upcoming parliamentary elections after half of the 8,200 candidates were rejected by the Guardian Council. A day earlier, a third of the Parliament’s members resigned to protest the ban of the reformist candidates.

• October, 2007: Students at Amir Kabir University protest the jail sentences and reported torture of three activists for publishing articles considered insulting to Islam

• June, 2009: Riot police used tear gas and live bullets to disperse angry demonstrators upset that the presidential election had been rigged. Despite the Guardian Council acknowledging voting irregularities took place in 50 districts, the council maintains the June 12th presidential election was not affected.

Footnotes

• Tehran became capital of Iran at the end of the 18th century.  In 2009, its estimated population was over 12 million.

• In 2009, sixty percent of the university students are comprised of women, a 30 percent increase since 1982

• According to the latest census figures, 22.3 percent of the Iranian population is under 15; only three percent of the population is 65 and older.

• The median age in Iran is 27; the literacy rate is 77 percent

• The percentage of women represented in parliament in Iran stands at 2.8 percent

• There are an estimated 23 million Internet and 29 million cell phone users in Iran

-Bill Lucey
WPLucey@gmail.com

Source:  ``Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundations of the Islamic Revolution in Iran’’ by Hamid Dabashi; ``Iran:  A People Interrupted'' by Hamid Dabashi; ``Islamism and Modernism:  The Changing Discourse in Iran'' by Farhang Rajaee; ``Historical Dictionary of Iran’’ By John H. Lorentz; The New York Times archives, U.S. Census Bureau; CIA-World Fact Book

         Two six-car Red Line trains collided Monday at 5 p.m., in one of Washington D.C.'s busiest lines, in the middle of rush hour-resulting in nine fatalities, including train operator Jeanice McMillan, 42, of Springfield, Va., who had been a Metro employee since January 2007. Several others were badly injured.
         As of 7 p.m., there was no known cause of the collision. Metro authorities are working in tandem with the National Transportation Safety Board to determine the cause of the accident.
      “We are extremely saddened that there are fatalities as a result of this accident, which has touched our Metro family. We hope to have more details about the casualties later today. Our safety officials are investigating, and will continue to investigate until we determine why this happened and what must be done to ensure it never happens again,”  Metro General Manager John Catoe said.
         According to preliminary reports, both trains appeared headed toward the Shady Grove Metrorail station.
         Today's accident wasn't the first in the D.C. MetroRail's 33-year history.
        In January, 1982, three people died as a result of a derailment between the Federal Triangle and Smithsonian Metrorail stations; and another collision took place in 2004, when two trains collided at the Woodley Park/Zoo-Adams Morgan Metrorail station. No deaths occurred, only minor injuries.
         Metro officials are advising riders to avoid the Red Line. Trains will be operating between Glenmont and Silver Spring Metrorail stations and between Shady Grove and Rhode Island Avenue Metrorail stations for the remainder of the day

    -Bill Lucey
    WPLucey@gmail.com

             Anticipation seems to be building for the motion picture ``Public Enemies'', starring  Johnny Depp, who plays the elusive John Dillinger, America’s most notorious bank robber, and the first Public Enemy No 1, being hotly pursued by FBI agent Melvin Purvis, played by Christian Bale
             The film, based on the book by former Wall Street Journal writer Bryan Burrough, hits theaters on July 1st.
             So as we prepare for Depp’s depiction of one of America’s most notorious gangsters and his violent band of outlaws, this might be a good time to catch up on some quick facts about John Dillinger

             Such as:

• Five people died from the suffocating heat in Chicago on July 22, 1934, when temperature readings reached as high as 101.3, a fact easily obscured by the death of Public Enemy No. 1: John Dillinger

• John Herbert Dillinger, the son of John Wilson Dillinger (owner of a small grocery store) was born at June 22, 1903 at 2053 Cooper St in Indianapolis, and raised by his sister Audrey. Dillinger’s mother, Mary Ellen (known as Mollie) died when he was just 3 years-old

• Dillinger’s first bank robbery was in New Carlisle, Ohio, when he made off with $10, 600 on June 10, 1933.

• In a little more than year, Dillinger and his gang robbed dozens of banks and close to half million dollars, while killing 10 and wounding seven others.

• Dillinger was officially named the nation’s first Public Enemy No. 1 on June 22, 1934, on his 31st birthday

• Dillinger worked with a flock of disreputable bandits, among them: ``Baby Face Nelson’’, Homer Van Meter, and ``Pretty Boy Floyd’’

• Prior to being gunned down, reward money leading to the capture of Dillinger was posted in Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Ohio.

• The U.S. Justice Department offered a $15,000 award for Dillinger’s capture; $5,000 for information leading to his arrest.

• After exiting the Biograph Theater at 10: 40 p.m in Chicago, the Indiana outlaw was gunned down while reaching for his gun (a Colt .380) while surrounded by a swarm of federal agents and Chicago policeman.

• The infamous ``Woman in Red’’ (actually wearing an orange skirt) was Anna Sage, a former brothel keeper from Gary, Indiana. Her legal name was Ana Cumpanas; who agreed to identify Dillinger to federal agents on the condition she not be deported. Sage was deported anyway. She died at age 58 in 1947 from a liver ailment while living in Romania.

• Sage always maintained the feds cheated her out of $70,000, the amount promised to her for ``putting the finger’’ on Dillinger.

• Dillinger was shot four times by federal agents

• The federal agents credited with firing at Dillinger were Charles B. Winstead, Clarence O. Hurt, and Herman E. Hollis.

• The motion picture Dillinger went to see with his girlfriend, Dolly Hamilton, was ``Manhattan Melodrama’’ starring Clark Gable and William Powell

• The Biograph Theater located at 2433 N. Lincoln Avenue housed 990 patrons

• The last movie to be shown at the Biograph Theater was Woody Allen’s ``Sleeper’’ in July, 1974. One night In the final week, the theater drew a mere 25 patrons.

• Dillinger sat in the middle of the 12th row of the Biograph Theater

• The  Biograph Theater was designated a Chicago Landmark on March 28, 2001

• Melvin H. Purvis was the FBI agent who was charged with leading the manhunt for Dillinger. Purvis, nicknamed ``Little Mel’’ committed suicide on February 29, 1960

• 23 FBI agents and Chicago policeman were gathered around the Biograph Theater waiting for Dillinger to emerge

• Dillinger died with $7.70 in his pocket near the Mee Woh Lo Chinese restaurant

• After being shot, Dillinger was transported to Alexian Brother Hospital. Upon arrival, Dillinger was pronounced dead; the hospital never did admit him. Instead, agents laid him out on the lawn in front of the hospital, where they waited for the Cook County Corner’s office to pick him up.

• Dillinger was the 116th registered corpse at the Cook County morgue during for the month of July, 1934

• According to the Library of Congress, there have been 16 songs written about John Dillinger.

• According to Bowker’s Books in Print Database, there have been 17 books written about John Dillinger, three of which are being published in 2009

• Dillinger dropped out of school at age 16; joined the Navy but went AWOL after only five months of service.

• Dillinger’s only marriage came on September 16, 1924 to 16 year-old Beryl Hovious. They divorced on June 20, 1929.

• On May 27, 1934 in an attempt to mask his identity, Dillinger underwent plastic surgery at the home of Jimmy Probasco, a bar owner with ties to the Chicago Syndicate.

• The fascination with Dillinger had reached such a fevered pitch; Dillinger’s father was reportedly offered $10,000 by one person to borrow his son’s dead body for a period of time.

• On July 25, 1934, Dillinger is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis

Source: The FBI; U.S. Newspaper Archives

-Bill Lucey
WPLucey@gmail.com